1,430 research outputs found

    Physical Attractiveness as a Signal of Biological Quality

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    It has been commonly thought that standards of beauty are arbitrary cultural conventions that vary between cultures and time. In my thesis I found that it is not so. Instead, I show that attractiveness and preferred traits serve as cues to phenotypic qualities that provide selective benefits for those who choose their mates based on these criteria. In the first study I show that attractive men have a stronger antibody response to the hepatitis b vaccine and higher levels of testosterone than their less attractive peers. Men with low levels of testosterone also tend to have high levels of the stress hormone cortisol, suggesting that their immune responses may have been inhibited by stress hormones. Thus, facial attractiveness may serve as an honest cue of the strength of immune defence in men. In the second study, I show that the attractiveness of the male body is also a cue of better immunity. In addition, I show that adiposity, both in men’s faces and bodies, is a better cue of the strength of immunity and attractiveness than of masculinity. In the third study, I test the preferences of women from 13 countries for facial cues of testosterone and cortisol. I show that there is cross-cultural variation in women’s preference for cues of testosterone and cortisol in male faces. I found a relationship between the health of a nation and women’s preferences for cues of testosterone in the male face and the interaction between preferences for cues of testosterone and cortisol. I show also a relationship between preferences for cues of testosterone and a societal-level measure of parasite stress. Thus, it seems that societal-level ecological factors influence the relative value of traits as revealed by combinations of testosterone and stress hormones. In the fourth study, I show that women’s immune responsiveness (amount of antibodies produced) does not predict facial attractiveness. Instead, plasma cortisol level is negatively associated with attractiveness, indicating that stressed women look less attractive. Fat percentage is curvilinearly associated with facial attractiveness, indicating that being too thin or too fat reduces attractiveness. This study suggests that in contrast to men, facial attractiveness in women does not indicate the strength of immune defence, but is associated with other aspects of long-term health and fertility: circulating levels of the stress hormone cortisol and the percentage of body fat. In the last study I show that the attractiveness of men’s body odor is positively correlated with stress hormone levels, suggesting also that the attractiveness of body odors may signal the phenotypic quality of males to females. However, the attractiveness of men’s body odor was not associated with testosterone levels. My thesis suggests that the standard of beauty is not in the eye of the beholder. Instead, our standard of beauty is hardwired in our brains by genes that are selected by natural selection and also influenced by current environmental conditions.Lukuisat viimeaikaiset tutkimukset evoluutiopsykologian alalla ovat osoittaneet ettĂ€ kasvojen ja vartalon puoleensavetĂ€vyydellĂ€ on huomattava vaikutus ihmisen parinvalinnassa. Evoluutiopsykologit olettavat, ettĂ€ fyysinen puoleensavetĂ€vyys kertoo henkilön fenotyyppisestĂ€- tai geneettisestĂ€ laadusta pariutumiskumppanina, mutta mitĂ€ tĂ€mĂ€ laatu on ja miksi puoleensavetĂ€vyys olisi rehellinen signaali laadusta, on jÀÀnyt epĂ€selvĂ€ksi ja kiistanalaiseksi. VĂ€itöskirjani ensimmĂ€isessĂ€ osatutkimuksessa selvitin miesten immuunijĂ€rjestelmĂ€n tehokkuuden yhteyttĂ€ miesten kasvojen puoleensavetĂ€vyyteen tutkimalla kuinka voimakkaasti miesten immuunijĂ€rjestelmĂ€ reagoi hepatiitti B -rokotteeseen tuottamalla vasta-aineita virusta vastaan. Kokeessa havaitsin ettĂ€ naiset arvioivat komeimmiksi miehiĂ€, joilla oli voimakkain immuunivaste ja korkein testosteronitaso. Toisessa osatutkimuksessa havaitsin, ettĂ€ myös miesten vartalon puoleensavetĂ€vyys on yhteydessĂ€ immuunipuolustusjĂ€rjestelmĂ€n tehokkuuteen. LisĂ€ksi havaitsin, ettĂ€ vartalon rasvaprosentti on voimakkaammin yhteydessĂ€ vartalon puoleensavetĂ€vyyteen ja immuunijĂ€rjestelmĂ€n tehokkuuteen kuin vartalon maskuliinisuus. Kolmannessa osakokeessa tutkin eroaako naisten mieltymys testosteronitasosta ja stressihormonitasosta kertoviin miesten kasvonpiirteisiin maantieteellisesti. Tutkimuksessa esitin 13 eri maassa naisille kuvia miesten kasvoista, joita oli manipuloitu testosteronista ja stressihormonista kertovien piirteiden suhteen. Kokeessa havaitsin ettĂ€ köyhissĂ€ maissa, joissa terveydenhuolto on huono naiset suosivat voimakkaammin testosteronista kertovia piirteitĂ€ kuin paremman terveydenhuollon omaavissa maissa. Tutkimus viittaa siihen, ettĂ€ ympĂ€ristöolosuhteet vaikuttavat siihen, millaisista miestenkasvoista naiset pitĂ€vĂ€t. NeljĂ€nnessĂ€ osakokeessa tutkin kuvastaako naisen kasvojen puoleensavetĂ€vyys hĂ€nen immuunijĂ€rjestelmĂ€nsĂ€ toiminnan tehokkuutta. Havaitsin, ettĂ€ toisin kuin miehillĂ€, naisilla kasvojen puoleensavetĂ€vyydellĂ€ ei ole yhteyttĂ€ hĂ€nen kykyyn tuottaa vasta-aineita hepatiitti B -rokotetta vastaan. Sen sijaan huomasin, ettĂ€ miehet suosivat naisia jolla on alhainen stressihormonitaso. Myös naisen rasvaprosentilla oli vaikutusta puoleensavetĂ€vyyteen. SekĂ€ liian alhainen ettĂ€ liian korkea rasvaprosentti heikensi puoleensavetĂ€vyyttĂ€. Aikaisempien tutkimusten perusteella tiedetÀÀn sekĂ€ liian alhaisen, ettĂ€ liian korkean rasvaprosentin heikentĂ€vĂ€n naisen hedelmĂ€llisyyttĂ€. Korkean stressihormonitason tiedetÀÀn myös heikentĂ€vĂ€n naisen hedelmĂ€llisyyttĂ€, joten tutkimusten valossa nĂ€yttĂ€isi siltĂ€, ettĂ€ miehet ovat sopeutuneet suosimaan naisten kasvoissa piirteitĂ€ jotka kuvastavat hedelmĂ€llisyyttĂ€, mutta ei hyvÀÀ immuniteettikykyĂ€. ViimeisessĂ€ osatutkimuksessani havaitsin, ettĂ€ miesten hajun puoleensavetĂ€vyys ei ole yhteydessĂ€ heidĂ€n testosteroni- ja estradiolitasoihinsa. Sen sijaan naiset suosivat sellaisten miesten ominaishajua joilla oli korkea stressihormonitaso koetilanteessa. VĂ€itöskirjatutkimukseni viittaavat siihen, ettĂ€ fyysisellĂ€ puoleensavetĂ€vyydellĂ€ on vankka biologinen pohja, eikĂ€ kauneuskĂ€sitys ole vain sosiaalisesti rakentunut mielivaltainen konstruktion, kuten monet humanistit vĂ€ittĂ€vĂ€tSiirretty Doriast

    A Numerical Study on Temperature Distribution of Line Heated Anisotropic Carbon Fiber Composites

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    Earlier we have described the various uses of infrared line scanner based thermal nondestructive testing equipment [1]. Time constants of measurements made with these kind of equipment are very suitable for testing carbon fiber composites. Scanning a line heat source over a sample surface causes a nonuniform temperature distribution in the sample. In addition to the heat flow normal to the surface, lateral heat flow exists in the surface plane. In the case of carbon fiber composites with a specific oriented structure, the surface temperature distributions depend on the direction where the line source moves. Generally, this is true of any sample having anisotropic thermal conductivity. In oriented carbon fiber composites the bulk thermal conductivity can be considered anisotropic, because the heat transfer in the composite is different in the direction of the fibers compared to perpendicular directions [2,3]. Varis et al. have discussed these phenomenon briefly with the testing of carbon fiber tubes using numerical methods [4]. Here, we represent a more detailed numerical analysis of the effects of line heating on a sample having anisotropic thermal conductivity

    Kohn-Sham potential with discontinuity for band gap materials

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    We model a Kohn-Sham potential with a discontinuity at integer particle numbers derived from the GLLB approximation of Gritsenko et al. We evaluate the Kohn-Sham gap and the discontinuity to obtain the quasiparticle gap. This allows us to compare the Kohn-Sham gaps to those obtained by accurate many-body perturbation theory based optimized potential methods. In addition, the resulting quasiparticle band gap is compared to experimental gaps. In the GLLB model potential, the exchange-correlation hole is modeled using a GGA energy density and the response of the hole to density variations is evaluated by using the common-denominator approximation and homogeneous electron gas based assumptions. In our modification, we have chosen the PBEsol potential as the GGA to model the exchange hole, and add a consistent correlation potential. The method is implemented in the GPAW code, which allows efficient parallelization to study large systems. A fair agreement for Kohn-Sham and the quasiparticle band gaps with semiconductors and other band gap materials is obtained with a potential which is as fast as GGA to calculate.Comment: submitted to Physical Review

    Evidence for the stress-linked immunocompetence handicap hypothesis in humans

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    Secondary sexual traits that develop under the action of testosterone, such as masculine human male facial characteristics, have been proposed to signal the strength of the immune system due to the sex hormone's immunosuppressive action. Recent work has suggested that glucocorticoid stress hormones may also influence expression of such sexual signals due to their effects on immune function. Precise roles, however, remain unclear. Here we show positive relationships between testosterone, facial attractiveness and immune function (antibody response to a hepatitis B vaccine) in human males, and present some preliminary evidence that these relationships are moderated by naturally co-occurring cortisol (a glucocorticoid stress hormone involved in the fight-or-flight response). We conclude that our results provide support for a role of glucocorticoids in hormonally mediated sexual selection

    The quantum phase slip phenomenon in superconducting nanowires with high-impedance environment

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    Quantum phase slip (QPS) is the particular manifestation of quantum fluctuations of the order parameter of a current-biased quasi-1D superconductor. The QPS event(s) can be considered a dynamic equivalent of tunneling through conventional Josephson junction containing static in space and time weak link(s). At low temperatures T<<Tc the QPS effect leads to finite resistivity of narrow superconducting channels and suppresses persistent currents in tiny nanorings. Here we demonstrate that the quantum tunneling of phase may result in Coulomb blockade: superconducting nanowire, imbedded in high-Ohmic environment, below a certain bias voltage behaves as an insulator.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figure

    Software systems for distributed computing

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    The computing power of present desktops is mostly unused under general office usage. These many computers can be unified into one grid, such that unused cycles can be scavenged to solve one computing task. Two software systems to build such grids are compared in this work: BOINC and Techila. These systems are critically compared through the computation of two different scientific tasks, making observations of each simultaneously. BOINC is designed for volunteer computing where anyone can donate his or her computer to the joint computation via an Internet connection. The system has been designed to facilitate millions of client computers, from which the results can not be blindly trusted. In addition, the system holds volunteers’ interest in the computational work by giving credits for the processing donated. Also available is a screen saver that is related to the computational workload. Techila is designed for the internal use of organizations that use scientific computing. In this case only the trusted, organization owned computers are used. The system makes it easy for many users to simultaneously add computation projects. Moreover, the user gets the results and error messages for his or her computations directly to their own computer. This makes it possible to run applications that are still under development in a grid. This work concludes that BOINC is preferable for use in public projects where there is enough computation for thousands of client computers for months or even years. Techila is better suited for environments where many users want to use the grid for minor computation projects at the same time. Moreover, maintenance can be handled centrally with a web interface. BOINC does not provide such a tool

    Maanvastaisten rakenteiden mikrobiologinen toimivuus

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    Maanvastaisen rakenteen alapuolisten tĂ€yttökerrosten kosteus- ja mikrobiologisia olosuhteita selvitettiin kenttĂ€mittauksin. YhteensĂ€ 46:sta satunnaisesti valitusta kohteesta eri puolilta Suomea otettiin maanĂ€ytteitĂ€ yhteensĂ€ 49 kappaletta, joista mÀÀritettiin laboratoriokokein kosteus- ja mikrobipitoisuudet. PÀÀosa nĂ€ytteistĂ€ otettiin vuonna 2005, osa vuonna 2006. NĂ€ytteet otettiin koekohteista kahdesti: talvella ja loppukesĂ€stĂ€. Mikrobianalyysit teetettiin Turun yliopiston Aerobiologian yksikössĂ€ STM:n SisĂ€ilmanohjeen mukaisena kvantitatiivisena analyysina, jossa suoritettiin viljelyyn perustuva suku- tai lajitason tunnistus kahdella eri kasvatusalustalla. Mittaustulosten perusteella tĂ€yttökerrosten ylĂ€osien vesipitoisuudet ylittivĂ€t lĂ€hes aina hygroskooppisen tasapainokosteuden RH 100 %:n suhteellisessa kosteudessa. TĂ€yttöjen huokosilman suhteellinen kosteus on siis pysyvĂ€sti hyvin korkea: RH ≈ 100 %. Joissain kohteissa mitattu vesipitoisuus oli selvĂ€sti yli hygroskooppisen tasapainokosteuden ja tĂ€ytön ylĂ€osat toimivat osittain kapillaarisella alueella. Maanvastaisen alapohjan tĂ€yttökerrosten lĂ€mpötila lĂ€mmitetyn rakennuksen alapuolella vaihtelee vĂ€lillĂ€ +10
+20 ÂșC. TĂ€yttökerrosten vallitsevat olosuhteet, korkea kosteuspitoisuus ja lĂ€mpötila, ovat suotuisat mikrobikasvulle. Jonkinasteista mikrobikasvustoa löydettiin 98 %:sta kaikista maanĂ€ytteistĂ€. Kosteusvaurioita indikoivia mikrobilajeja, joko homesienien indikaattorilajeja tai aktinomykeetti –bakteereja, löytyi 79 % nĂ€ytteistĂ€. Suurimmassa osassa tutkituista kohteista ei kuitenkaan ollut koskaan havaittu alapohjiin liittyviĂ€ kosteusvaurioita. Vastaavia lajeja lĂ€hes yhtĂ€ suurina pitoisuuksina oli myös referenssinĂ€ytteissĂ€, jotka otettiin hiekkakuopilta valmiiksi seulotusta ja lĂ€jitetystĂ€ salaojasorasta. Tulosten perusteella tĂ€yttöjen vesipitoisuudella tai kapillaarisuudella ja mikrobikasvuston mÀÀrĂ€llĂ€ ei ole suoraa yhteyttĂ€. Samoin indikaattorilajeja ja toksiineja tuottavia homekasvustoja kasvoi tĂ€yttökerroksissa kosteustasosta riippumatta. Mikrobikasvu on jossain mÀÀrin riippuvainen rakennuksen iĂ€stĂ€: pitoisuudet olivat alempia ja esiintyminen satunnaisempaa vanhimmissa rakennuksissa, eikĂ€ 30–luvulla rakennettujen tai sitĂ€ vanhempien kohteiden nĂ€ytteistĂ€ tavattu homesienikasvustoja lainkaan, vaikka vanhimmat alapohjarakenteet kapillaarisine alustĂ€yttöineen ovat kosteusteknisesti riskialttiimpia kuin uudet. YhtenĂ€isten materiaalikerrosten ja epĂ€jatkuvuuskohtien kykyĂ€ estÀÀ mikrobien kulkeutuminen materiaalin lĂ€pi tutkittiin laboratorio-olosuhteissa. Tutkimuksessa yhtenĂ€inen betonilaatta (h = 80 mm, w/c = 0,7 ... 1,0) tai EPS-eristekerros (EPS 100 Lattia 100 mm) ja SPU –eristekerros eivĂ€t lĂ€pĂ€isseet homesienten itiöitĂ€ (Aspergillus versicolor). Sen sijaan valusauma, joka ei ollut ilmanpitĂ€vĂ€ muodostui itiöiden tunkeutumisreitiksi. TĂ€yttökerroksista mitattu korkea suhteellinen kosteus ja runsas mikrobikasvu eivĂ€t ole merkki alapohjalaatan kosteusvaurioista, vaan ne ovat tĂ€yttökerroksen luonnolliset kĂ€yttötilan olosuhteet, jotka on otettava huomioon rakenteita suunniteltaessa. Mikrobien ja itiöiden kulkeutuminen sisĂ€ilmaan on estettĂ€vĂ€ tekemĂ€llĂ€ alapohjarakenne ja erityisesti liitokset muihin rakenneosiin ja laattojen lĂ€piviennit mahdollisimman ilmanpitĂ€viksi. Toimivat rakenneratkaisut ovat pÀÀosin samat kuin radon-tiivistyksessĂ€.<br/
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